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Here is a reference guide to the common HTML tags that are compatible with the three most widely used browsers: Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and Mosaic. The attributes are listed under each tag where applicable.
After the tags and attributes listed in this appendix are letters indicating the browsers the tags and attributes can be used with. The letters stand for the following:
NS = Netscape Navigator (3.0 BETA)
Source: http://www.netscape.com and with Netscape Communications.
MS = Microsoft Internet Explorer (3.0 BETA)
Source: http://www.microsoft.com/intdev/author/newhtml/ie30html.htm. (A great reference. We wish all the browser software companies could arrange their HTML information so
well.)
SM = Mosaic (Spyglass Mosaic 3.0)
Source: Contact with Spyglass, Inc.
This tag can be used anywhere in your document to place a comment within the HTML code. A comment affects the document in no way other than enabling you to place a comment within it. The most common use for this is within the <HEAD> tag for
providing information about the document, such as
<!--Author: you -->
This tag is the first to appear within an HTML document and declares which HTML version your page is using:
For HTML 2.0, use this tag: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">.
For HTML 3.0, use this tag: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 3.0//EN">.
For HTML 3.2, use this tag: <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN>.
These anchor tags specify a hypertext link.
HREF is used to define the URL of your linked image or document. A common usage looks like this:
<A HREF="http://www.hampton.org/index.html">Jump to hampton.org</A>.
You can also use this tag to signify an address for e-mail by using the Mailto: tag, like this:
<A HREF="mailto:you@yourdomain.com">Email</A>
This rarely used attribute specifies the method with which the document should be retrieved (Gopher, FTP, and so on). The value of the METHODS attribute is a comma-separated list of HTTP methods supported by the object for public use.
This attribute is used to associate a name with a part of a document that can be linked to, like this:
<A NAME="chapter1">Chapter 1</A>.
You can create a link from within the page to this part of the document by using this code:
<A HREF="#chapter1">Jump to Chapter 1</A>.
Since browser windows can have names associated with them, links in any window can refer to another window by name. Click on the link and the document you requested will appear in that named window. (If the window is not already open, the browser will
open and name a new window for you.)
The syntax for the targeted windows is
<A HREF="home.htm" TARGET="window_name">Click here to open home.htm into a new browser window</A>
Note
If the targeted document is part of a frameset, there are various implicit names you can use for that purpose. The implicit name is determined by the frame's relationship to other frames; implicit names are reserved words that all begin with an underscore (_). These reserved words are
"_purk"
This specifies to load the link into a new browser window (your frames site will remain open as well). Example:
<A HREF="document.htm" TARGET="_purk">Clicking here will load this link into a new purk browser window.</A>
"_top"
This specifies to load the link into the full body of the window. Use this for links outside your frames system. Example:
<A HREF="document.htm" TARGET="_top">Clicking here will load the link into the whole body of the window.</A>"_parent"
This specifies to load the requested item into the linking document's immediate parent. Example:
<A HREF="document.htm" TARGET="_parent">Clicking here will load this link into this page's parent window.</A>"_self"
Use this to load the link into the same window the link was clicked in. Example:
<A HREF="document.htm" TARGET="_self">Clicking here will load the link into this same window.</A>
The TITLE attribute is for informational purposes only. If used it should provide the title of the document whose address is given by the HREF attribute.
This attribute gives the relationship(s) described by the hypertext link from the anchor to the target. The value is a comma-separated list of relationship values. The REL attribute is only used when the HREF attribute is also present.
The REV attribute is the same as the REL attribute, but the semantics of the link type are in the reverse direction. A link from A to B with REL="X" expresses the same relationship as a link from B to A with REV="X". An anchor may
have both REL and REV attributes.
This attribute specifies a uniform resource name (URN) for a target document.
This set of tags is used to specify information such as address, signature, or authorship, and is usually rendered in an italic typeface. This element implies a paragraph break before and after and is generally used at the end of a document.
This set of tags enables you to embed a Java applet into an HTML document. Its attributes are presented in the following sections.
This attribute is required and specifies the alignment of the applet. Possible values are
RIGHT
LEFT
BOTTOM
TOP
TEXTTOP
MIDDLE
ABSMIDDLE
BASELINE
ABSBOTTOM
This attribute is optional and specifies the text that should be displayed if the browser understands the APPLET element yet can't run applets written in Java.
This attribute specifies the base URL of the applet (the directory that contains the applet's code). The default is the document's URL.
This attribute is required and gives the name of the file containing the applet's compiled applet subclass. The file is relative to the base URL of the applet and cannot be absolute.
This attribute is optional and specifies a name for the applet instance, making it possible for applets within the same page to find and communicate with each other.
These specify the number of pixels above, below, and on the sides of the applet. These attributes are optional and are used the same way as the IMG element's VSPACE and HSPACE attributes.
These attributes describe the initial height and width (in pixels) of the applet's display area (not including any windows or dialogs that the applet brings up). These attributes are required.
This tag is used to describe the shape of a hot spot (clickable region) in a client-side image map.
This attribute defines the hot spot's shape, like this:
<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="40, 20, 140, 120" HREF=http://www.yourdomain.com>
Indicates the destination of the hot spot (its URL) like this:
<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="40, 20, 140, 120" HREF=http://www.yourdomain.com>
Indicates that clicks to this area cause no action.
This attribute indicates the type of shape like this:
<AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="40, 20, 140, 120" HREF=http://www.yourdomain.com>
Options are
CIRC
CIRCLE
POLY
POLYGON
RECT
RECTANGLE
This set of tags specifies bold type.
This tag specifies the name of the file in which the current document is stored. It is useful when link references within the document do not include full pathnames (that is, are only partially qualified). The <BASE> element should appear within
the <HEAD> element.
This is a required attribute that is used to identify the URL, like this:
<BASE HREF="http://www.yourdomain.com">
Enables you to pick a default named target window for every link in the document that doesn't have an explicit TARGET attribute, like this:
<BASE TARGET="default_target">
This tag sets the base font's value.
This changes the size of the BASEFONT (the default is 3), and is the size all relative <FONT SIZE ...> changes are based on. It looks like this:
<BASEFONT SIZE=4>
You can use a number from 1 to 7.
This tag enables background sounds to accompany an HTML document. The "soundtracks" can be in MID (SM uses an external player for MID files), AU, or WAV files.
Used to delay the playing of the sound for x number of seconds.
This attribute specifies how many times a sound will loop. You can use a number for this value as in
<BGSOUND SRC=sound.wav LOOP=4>
or make the sound loop on forever as in
<BGSOUND SRC=sound.wav LOOP=INFINITE>
Specifies the URL of the sound (see preceding example).
These tags specify a large font. Please use sparingly.
These tags specify blinking text. A little goes a long way with this one.
Used for long quotes or citations, these tags are usually rendered with indented margins.
These tags contain within them the contents of the document (tags and the text) and can be used to describe optional attributes of the document, such as:
Describes the color of an active textual link (in hexadecimal code or by name). This is the color that appears while the user is selecting the link (for a split second).
Describes the name (if within the same directory) or URL of the graphic that will be tiled to create a background for the page. The viewers will not see this image if they are using a non-compliant browser, if they have chosen the option of overriding
background images, or if their image loading is turned off. Never use in conjunction with the BGCOLOR attribute.
Defines the background color of the page, which is specified using a hexadecimal color code (for example, white = "#FFFFFF"). The color wizard included in the HTML library on the CD-ROM is a very useful tool for determining these codes. You
can also use a few select color names for this attribute: blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, purple, olive, aqua, black, silver, red, teal, white, and so on. Never use in conjunction with the BACKGROUND attribute.
Specifies a watermark (a background picture that does not scroll).
Identifies and further specifies the characteristics of an element, thereby allowing the extension of HTML tags for different purposes. This is especially useful in the construction of style sheets. You can specify multiple classes for an element by
separating class names with a period. It appears like this:
CLASS="type"
Designates a location in the document as a destination for a link (replaces the <A NAME> tag) and appears like this:
ID="keyword"
Used to specify the left margin for the body of the page, like this:
<BODY LEFTMARGIN="30">
Describes the color of textual links (in hexadecimal code or by name).
Describes the document's text color (in hexadecimal code or by name), like this:
<BODY TEXT=#FFFFFF>.
It's better to use only hexadecimal color names with SM.
Specifies the top margin for the body of the page, like this:
<BODY TOPMARGIN="5">
Describes the color of previously visited textual links (in hexadecimal code or by name).
This tag is one-sided and is used to force a line break. Unlike the <P> tag, the <BR> tag can be used over and over, resulting in a carriage return with each use.
Used to insert vertical space so that the following displayed text will appear past left or right aligned images. Options are
LEFT
RIGHT
ALL
These Block Quote tags identify an extended quote.
This set of tags can be used to put a label on a <TABLE>.
Used to align your caption, as in ALIGN=TOP. Possibilities for this attribute include
BOTTOM (NS,SM)
TOP (NS,SM)
LEFT (MS)
RIGHT (MS)
CENTER (MS)
Specifies whether to place the caption on top or below the table, as in VALIGN=TOP or VALIGN=BOTTOM.
Text contained within these tags is centered.
This tag is normally used for citations or references to other sources.
This set of tags is used for extracts from program code.
These tags can be used to specify the text alignment for table columns.
Defines the text alignment within the column group (center is the default).
Is occasionally used to set the number of columns upon which the ALIGN attribute is to act.
This set of tags can be used to group columns together to set their alignment properties.
Used to specify the column group and text alignment (the default being CENTER), like this:
<COLGROUP ALIGN=RIGHT>
Options for this attribute are
JUSTIFY
CENTER
RIGHT
LEFT
Used to specify the vertical alignment of text within the column.
This set of tags indicates a comment.
This tag specifies a definition within a definition list (see <DL> for an example).
This is used to reduce spacing between text elements, thereby displaying the text more compactly.
These tags mark a defining instance of the enclosed term.
This set of tags indicates a directory list. (MS appears without bullets.)
This is used to group related items together and can be used with the ALIGN attribute, as in
<DIV ALIGN=LEFT>
Used to align the grouped items; options are
LEFT
RIGHT
CENTER
This set of tags specifies a definition or glossary list; it contains <DT> elements that give terms and <DD> elements that give the corresponding definitions. It is commonly used like this:
<DL> <DT> Term to be defined #1 <DD> Definition of term #1 <DT> Term to be defined #2 <DD> Definition of term #2 </DL>
This tag specifies a term to be defined within a definition list (see <DL> for an example).
This set of tags specifies the basic emphasis, normally rendered in an italic font.
This tag enables you to embed documents of any type (the user needs to have an application which can view the data installed on their system) directly into an HTML page; it is used like this:
<EMBED SRC="sound/embed.wav">.
Embedded objects are activated by double-clicking them within the browser, causing the application that supports that embedded object to be launched, with the object present. For instance, if a TIF graphic file was embedded into an HTML document, when
the user double-clicks, Netscape would launch the graphics program that supports TIF files (such as PSP, included on your CD-ROM) with the object already loaded and ready for editing.
The attributes for this tag behave differently with different plug-ins, so before using this tag and associated attributes, we suggest you visit Netscape's plug-in site at
http://home.netscape.com/comprod/products/navigator/version_3.0/developer/newplug.html
or the site of the particular plug-in this is intended to use for the latest information.
Some of the attributes you can use with this tag are
ALIGN (NS)
AUTOLOAD (NS)
AUTOPLAY (NS)
AUTOSTART (NS)
BORDER (NS)
CONSOLE (NS)
CONTROLS (NS)
CONTROLLER (NS)
CORRECTION (NS)
ENCTYPE (SM)
ENDTIME — NS
FOV (NS)
HIDDEN (NS)
HEIGHT (NS, SM)
HREF (NS)
LOOP (NS)
MASTERSOUND (NS)
NAME (NS)
NODE (NS)
PALETTE (SM)
PAN (NS)
PARAMETER_NAME (NS)
PLAYEVERYFRAME (NS)
PLUGINSPACE (NS)
SRC (NS, SM)
STARTTIME (NS)
TARGET (NS, SM)
TILT (NS)
VOLUME (NS)
WIDTH (NS, SM)
This set of tags enables you to change the font color, size, and face of the enclosed text. Colors are defined in hexadecimals or one of the understood color names.
Specifies the font color, as in
<FONT COLOR="#FF0000">This text is red</FONT>
Specifies the font face, as in
<FONT FACE="Lucida Sans,Arial,Times Roman">This text will be in either Lucida Sans, Arial, or Times Roman, depending on which fonts are installed on the viewers system, trying each in order.</FONT>
Specifies the font size, as in
<FONT SIZE=+1>This font is bigger than the previous</FONT>
These tags are used to define a fill-out form within an HTML document.
Describes the URL of the query server to which the form contents will be submitted.
Specifies the encoding of the form contents. Only applies if the METHOD attribute is set to POST.
This is the method used to submit the form to the query server (which method you use depends mostly on your server). Options for this attribute are
GET Causes the form contents to be appended to the URL as if it were a normal query
POST Causes the form contents to be sent to the server in a data body (not as part of the URL).
For most purposes, using POST is preferable.
This tag is used to describe an individual frame within the <FRAMESET> tag. Unlike many tags, the <FRAME> tag does not occur with a closing </FRAME> counterpart.
Enables you to change the characteristics of the frames border.
Defines the color of the frames border in hexadecimal or by name.
This enables the option to display or not display a border for a frame, as in
<FRAMEBORDER="NO">
Is used to create additional space between frames (specified in pixels).
This provides a target name for the frame. The name should always start with an alphanumeric character.
This is used to prevent the user from resizing the frame (as is usually allowable).
This controls the margin height of the frame in pixels.
This controls the margin width of the frame in pixels.
This enables you to choose the scrolling option for the frame. Choices are YES, NO, or AUTO (which automatically enables scrolling only if necessary).
This describes the source file of the document contained within that frame. It is advisable to make your source files containing information HTML 2-compliant (containing no HTML 3, Netscape, or Microsoft extensions). This will enable you to make your
frames site compatible with non-frames-capable browsers.
These are the tags that set the layout for your frames page. This is also the container that hosts the FRAME, FRAMESET, NOFRAMES tags. The opening <FRAMESET> tag must include either a column list or a row list, taking the form
"COLS=column_list" or "ROWS=row_list". Row or column lists are always separated by commas.
Used to separate the frame document into vertical columns. You can specify the column dimensions by pixels, percentage (%), or a relative size (*), for example
<FRAMESET COLS="140,*">
This means make the first column 140 pixels wide, and the other column as wide as the remaining browser screen.
This creates a frame document with horizontal rows. You can specify the row dimensions by pixels, percentage (%), or a relative size (*), for example
<FRAMESET ROWS="65,*">
This describes a heading, as in <H1>.
Enables you to set an alignment for your heading, like this:
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>This heading is centered</H1>.
Options for this attribute are
CENTER (NS, MS, SM)
LEFT (NS, SM)
RIGHT (NS, SM)
JUSTIFY (NS)
These tags contain within them the document head elements. A common head element looks something like this:
<HEAD> <TITLE>A common head element</TITLE> <!-- Author: Kim and Brad Hampton --> <!-- Revision: 2.0 08/08/96 --> </HEAD>
This places a horizontal rule (line) across your page and does not have an end tag.
Specifies whether the line should be centered, aligned to the left margin, or to the right margin.
Specifies the color of the horizontal rule (by color name or in hexadecimals).
Draws the horizontal rule without a 3-D shadow.
Specifies the thickness of the horizontal rule in pixels.
Specifies the width of the rule in pixels.
All of your text and HTML tags go within the HTML tags. These tags are indicating that the file is an HTML document—they tell your browser what to expect.
This identifies the type of document, such as a table of contents:
ROLE="name"
Used to designate the universal resource name for the document, like this:
URN="name"
Specifies the DTD version to an application. For instance, for HTML 3.0 the tag would look like this:
<HTML VERSION="-//W30//DTD W3 HTML 3.0//EN">
These tags specify the text within them should be displayed in italics.
This tag inserts images into the document and requires no ending tag. A common usage looks like this:
<IMG SRC="flower.gif" ALT="[A Flower]">.
Specifies the alignment of the surrounding text (in relation to the image). Options include
TOP
BOTTOM
MIDDLE
LEFT
RIGHT
(SM uses middle, top, and bottom only.)
This specifies the text that will be displayed in place of the graphics in case:
It is a very good idea to always include this attribute.
Specifies the size of the border drawn around the image.
If a video clip is present, this attribute specifies that a set of controls will be displayed under the clip.
This specifies the address of a VRML world or video clip to be displayed in the window.
Specifies the height of the image.
Specifies the horizontal margins for the image.
This identifies the image as a server-side image map.
Specifies how many times a video clip will loop (repeat) when activated.
This attribute makes it is possible to use two images in the same space and is used like this:
<IMG SRC="highres.gif" LOWSRC="lowres.jpg">
This code line will load the image called lowres.jpg on the first pass through the document. Then, after the page (and all of its graphics) are fully loaded, NS will load the image called highres.gif. This enables the user to have a very low-resolution
(poor quality) version of an image loaded initially (to speed download time), and if the user stays on the page after the initial layout of the page, a higher-resolution version of the same graphic will fade in and replace it.
If the images are of different sizes (which isn't a good idea) and a fixed width and height are unspecified in the IMG element, the second image (in this example highres.gif) will be scaled to the dimensions of the first (LOWSRC) image (in this example
lowres.jpg).
Browsers that do not recognize the LOWSRC attribute will just ignore it and load the image called highres.gif.
This attribute is for video clips and specifies that the video clip should start playing when the user moves the mouse cursor over the animation.
Specifies the URL of the graphic to insert.
This attribute is for video clips and indicates to start playing the video as soon as the file is done opening.
This is used to identify the picture as a client-side image map and specifies a MAP to use to interpret user clicks.
This attribute has the capability to include inline embedded VRML (WRL) worlds. (The viewer may need the VRML add-on, available from the Microsoft Windows95 Web site, to view it, though.) You can also use this tag to embed XAF ActiveVRML files. These
allow for animated VRML objects to be freely manipulated in 3-D space, to respond to user events, or to change with time. This attribute supports many of the attributes of the <IMG> element, like HEIGHT and WIDTH, and is used like this:
<IMG SRC="graphic.gif" VRML="house.wrl" HEIGHT=200 WIDTH=150>
This example will embed the VRML world house.wrl into the HTML document, with the navigation controls below the embedding pane. The pane is displayed as 200 pixels high by 150 pixels wide. For browsers incapable of reading the VRML file, the graphic
graphic.gif would be displayed.
Specifies the vertical margins for the image.
Specifies the width of the image.
This tag is used within the FORM tag and specifies a form control.
Specifies the vertical alignment of the next line of text in relation to the image. For use only with TYPE=IMAGE. Possible values are the same as for the ALIGN attribute of the <IMG> element.
This is used for check boxes and radio buttons and indicates that they are selected. The options are TRUE or FALSE and is used like this:
<INPUT NAME="control2" TYPE=CHECKBOX CHECKED=TRUE>
This indicates the maximum number of characters that can be entered into a text control. It appears like this:
<INPUT NAME="control2" TYPE=TEXTBOX MAXLENGTH=20>
Specifies the name of the control, like this:
<INPUT NAME="control2" TYPE=CHECKBOX CHECKED=TRUE>
Used to specify the size of a control in characters (for TEXT AREA controls both height and width can be specified), like this:
<INPUT NAME="control2" TYPE=TEXTAREA SIZE="25,5">
Used in conjunction with TYPE=IMAGE, this attribute specifies the address of the image to be used.
Specifies the type of control to use, like this:
<INPUT NAME="control2" TYPE=TEXTBOX SIZE=25>
The following are options for this attribute:
CHECKBOX This is used for simple Boolean attributes or for attributes that can take multiple values at the same time. It is represented by a number of checkbox fields, each of which has the same name. Each selected checkbox generates a separate
name/value pair in the submitted data, even if this results in duplicate names. The default value for check boxes is on.
HIDDEN This specifies that no field is seen by the viewer, but the content of the field is sent with the submitted form. This value is often used to transmit information about client/server interaction.
IMAGE Enables you to use an image rather than a browser-driven button. The coordinates of the selected point are measured in pixel units from the upper-left corner of the image and are returned (along with the other contents of the form) in two
name/value pairs. The x-coordinate is submitted under the name of the field with .x appended, and the y-coordinate is submitted under the name of the field with .y appended. Any VALUE attribute is ignored. The image itself is specified by the SRC
attribute, exactly as for the IMAGE element.
PASSWORD The same as the TEXT attribute, except that text is not displayed as it is entered.
RADIO Used for attributes that accept a single value from a set of alternatives. Each radio-button field in the group should be given the same name. Only the selected radio button in the group generates a name/value pair in the submitted data. Radio
buttons require an explicit VALUE attribute.
RESET When clicked, this button resets the form's fields to their specified initial values. The label to be displayed on the button can be specified the same way as for the SUBMIT button.
SUBMIT When clicked, this button submits the form. You may use the VALUE attribute to provide a noneditable label to be displayed on the button (such as Clear Form). If a SUBMIT button is clicked to submit the form, and that button has a NAME attribute
specified, then that button contributes a name/value pair to the submitted data. If the button has no name, a SUBMIT button makes no contribution to the submitted data.
TEXT Specifies a single-line text-entry field. Use in conjunction with the SIZE and MAXLENGTH attributes. See TEXTAREA for text fields that can accept multiple lines.
TEXTAREA For multiple-line text-entry fields. Use in conjunction with the SIZE and MAXLENGTH attributes.
FILE This option (which is currently supported by Netscape) enables the inclusion of files with form information.
Required for radio buttons, this attribute is used for numerical/textual controls and specifies the initial displayed value of the field or the value to be returned when the field is selected, if it displays a Boolean value.
This set of tags identifies Inserted Text.
This tag indicates a searchable index; used for simple keyword searches.
Specifies the gateway program that the string in the textbox should be passed to.
Specifies a prompt to be used; for example
<ISINDEX PROMPT="Please type in keywords here">
These keyboard tags are used to indicate text to be typed by the viewer.
Specifies the style of an ordered list. Options are capital letters (TYPE=A), small letters (TYPE=a), large roman numerals (TYPE=I), small roman numerals (TYPE=i), or numbers (TYPE=1)—the default).
Changes the count of ordered lists as they progress, like this:
<OL> <LI>This is item #1 <LI VALUE=4>This is item #4 </OL>
This tag defines a relationship between a document and another element.
Identifies the link's destination.
This specifies a list of HTTP methods for accessing an object in the destination and is used like this:
METHODS="method1,method2,method3,... "
Defines the link's relationship like this:
REL="value".
The following are options for this attribute:
BOOKMARK Associates the link with a direct location in an extended document
COPYRIGHT Specifies a copyright for the current document
GLOSSARY Associates the link with a glossary
HELP Indicates the link is to a help document
HOME References a home page
INDEX Associates the link with an index
MADE Indicates that the destination document includes information on the author of the current page
NEXT specifies that the link is to the next page in a sequence
PARENT Defines the current page as the parent of the destination document
PREVIOUS Indicates the link is to the previous page
STYLESHEET Specifies that the link is to a style sheet
TOC Associates the link with a table of contents
UP References the immediate parent page in a sequence of documents
This defines a reverse relationship between the current page and the destination and appears like this:
REV="value"
The values are the same for the REL attribute, though they specify the relationship from the destination. Therefore, the parent value defines the destination page as the parent of the current page.
This contains information about the title of the destination page and is used like this:
TITLE="Text".
This attribute provides a permanent address for the destination and appears like this:
URN="name".
These tags specify to render the text in fixed-width type.
These tags enable the definition of client-side image maps, and contain one or more AREA elements used to define the hot zones (linked areas) on the associated image and to bind the hot zones to specified URLs.
The name specifies the name of the map so that it can be referenced by an <IMG> element.
These tags enable the creation of a scrolling text marquee. Here is an example of one:
<MARQUEE BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF DIRECTION=LEFT BEHAVIOR=SCROLL SCROLLAMOUNT=15 SCROLLDELAY=150><FONT COLOR="RED">Here is a scrolling marquee.</FONT></MARQUEE>
Specifies that the text surrounding the marquee should align with the top, bottom, or middle of the marquee.
Describes how the text should behave. Options are
ALTERNATE Means bounce back and forth within the marquee.
SCROLL(the default) Means start completely off one side, scroll all the way across and completely off, and then start again.
SLIDE Means start completely off one side, scroll in, and stop as soon as the text touches the other margin.
Specifies a background color for the marquee, either as a hexadecimal or one of Microsoft's accepted color names.
Specifies which direction the text should scroll. Options are LEFT or RIGHT (the default is LEFT, meaning the text scrolls from left to right).
Specifies the height of the marquee (in pixels or as a percentage of the screen height) and is used like this:
<MARQUEE HEIGHT=25% WIDTH=75%>This marquee is a quarter the height of the screen and 75% of the width.</MARQUEE>
Specifies left and right margins for the outside of the marquee, in pixels.
Specifies how many times a marquee will loop when activated (described as either a number or INFINITE, which means it will loop indefinitely).
This specifies the number of pixels between each successive draw of the marquee text.
This specifies the number of milliseconds between each successive draw of the marquee text.
This attribute is used to specify the top and bottom margins for the outside of the marquee (in pixels).
This sets the width of the marquee (either in pixels or as a percentage of the screen width).
This set of tags defines a menu list and contains one or more <LI> elements, which represent individual menu items. It is used just like <OL> and <UL>, and can also be used without <LI>, to indent text. MS rendered this without
bullets.
This tag is used to supply meta-information; this is often used to associate keywords to documents (readable by search engines). Meta-information is generally in name/value pair form and should be within the <HEAD> tag.
This tells the browser to reload in a certain number of seconds. If a URL is specified, the browser will load the URL (after the time specified has elapsed); if no URL is specified, it will reload the current document.
This causes a document to be automatically reloaded on a regular basis (specified in seconds); used like this:
<HEAD><META HTTP-EQUIV="REFRESH" CONTENT="4; URL=http://www.yourdomain.com/page.htm">
<TITLE>This Will Load The Next Document ("http://www.yourdomain.com/page.htm") After 4 Seconds</TITLE>
</HEAD>
This indicates the meta-information name (if the name attribute is not present, then name can be assumed equal to the value HTTP-EQUIV).
The MULTICOL tag is a container, and all the HTML between the starting and ending tag will be displayed in a multicolumn format. Multi-column text layout displays text in multiple columns, similar to print newspaper columns. It is used with the COLS,
GUTTER, and WIDTH attributes to control the number of columns, the space between the columns, and the width of individual columns, respectively. This tag can be nested.
The attributes of this tag are presented in the following sections.
The COLS attribute is mandatory and controls how many columns the display will be split into. Layout will attempt to flow elements evenly across the columns to make each column about the same height. Unless the WIDTH attribute is specified, column
width is adjusted to fill the available view.
The GUTTER attribute controls the pixels of space between columns. It defaults to a value of 10.
The WIDTH attribute controls the width of an individual column.
This tag creates a sequential hierarchy of documents and indicates the next document following the current one. Use this tag only within the <HEAD> tag.
This tag is used to turn off line breaking.
Within this tag is contained the page that viewers with non-frames-capable browsers will see. For best results, use only HTML 2 tags (for the widest audience) and have textual links to your contents pages.
This tag is an HTML 3.2 specification and requires both start and end tags. <OBJECT> is used to insert an object (ActiveX, applets, plug-ins, components, media handlers, and so on) into an HTML document. It provides a general solution for dealing
with new media while providing for effective backwards compatibility with existing browsers. <OBJECT> enables the HTML author to specify the data and/or properties/parameters for initializing objects to be inserted into HTML documents, as well as the
code that can be used to display/manipulate that data.
The data can be specified in one of several ways: a file specified by a URL, in-line data, or as a set of named properties. In addition, there are a number of attributes that enable authors to specify standard properties such as width and height. The
code for the object is specified in several ways: by an explicit reference or indirectly by the object's class name or media type.
Attributes include the ones presented in the following sections.
This determines where to place the object. The ALIGN attribute enables objects to be placed as part of the current text line or as a distinct unit aligned to the left, center, or right and is used like this:
ALIGN=TEXTTOP
The following are options for this attribute:
TEXTTOP
MIDDLE
TEXTMIDDLE
BASELINE
TEXTBOTTOM
LEFT
CENTER
RIGHT
This attribute applies to the border shown when the object forms part of a hypertext link, as specified by an enclosing anchor element. The attribute specifies the suggested width of this border around the visible area of the object. The width is
specified in standard units and appears like this:
BORDER=2
This is a URL that identifies an implementation for the object. In some object systems this is a class identifier.
Some URL schemes used to identify implementations require an additional URL to find the implementation. CODEBASE enables you to specify that URL.
This specifies the Internet Media Type of the code referenced by the CLASSID attribute in advance of actually retrieving it. User agents may use the value of the CODETYPE attribute to skip over unsupported media types without needing to make a network
access.
This is a URL pointing to the object's data—for instance, a GIF file for an image. In the absence of the CLASSID attribute, the media type of the data is used to determine a default value for the CLASSID attribute. The implementation is then
loaded as if the CLASSID attribute had been given explicitly.
This is used to imply objects that are not created until needed by something that references them (that is, late binding). Each such "binding" typically results in a separate copy of the object (this is class-dependent). In other words, the
OBJECT DECLARE is treated as a declaration for making an instance of an object.
If the declared object isn't supported, or fails to load, the user agent should try the content of the OBJECT DECLARE element, which is currently restricted to another OBJECT DECLARE element. The TYPE attribute can be used to specify the Internet Media
Type for the object as a hint for this situation.
This gives the suggested height of a box enclosing the visible area of the object. The height is specified in standard units. User agents may use this value to scale an object to match the requested height if appropriate.
This specifies the width of the space to the left and right of the box enclosing the visible area of the object. The width is specified in standard units. This attribute is used to alter the separation of preceding and following text from the object.
Is used to identify the specific label with a unique name, allowing interaction with and dynamic updating of the object's properties via active OLE scripting.
Defines the object as an ISMAP.
This provides a way for user agents that support forms to determine whether an object within a FORM block should participate in the submit process. If NAME is specified and the DECLARE attribute is absent, then the user agent should include the value
of the NAME attribute and data obtained from the object along with the information derived from other form fields. The mechanism used to obtain the object's data is specific to each object system.
The presence of this attribute indicates that the contents of the OBJECT element contains anchors with hypertext links associated with shaped regions on the visible area of the object.
Enables you to specify a short text string the browser can show while loading the object's implementation and data. It can include special characters.
Specifies the Internet Media Type for the data referenced by the DATA attribute in advance of actually retrieving it. In the absence of the CLASSID attribute, this enables the user agent to retrieve the code implementing the object concurrently with
the data and to skip over unsupported media types without needing to make a network access.
Specifies the URL for a client-side image map.
Specifies the height of the space to the top and bottom of the box enclosing the visible area of the object (in standard units).
Specifies the width of a box enclosing the visible area of the object (specified in standard units).
An ordered list (1,2,3,. . .). Contains one or more <LI> elements, which represent individual list items.
This specifies a starting number for the list.
You can add a type attribute to the <OL> tag to specify whether the list items are marked with: capital letters (TYPE=A), small letters (TYPE=a), large roman numerals (TYPE=I), small roman numerals (TYPE=i), or numbers (TYPE=1) —usually the
default). Here's an example of code that will make a lettered list:
<OL TYPE=A> <LI> First item in the list <LI> Last item in the list </OL>
Used to change the count, for that list item and all subsequent list items.
This tag indicates one choice in a list box.
This indicates the value that will be returned if this item is chosen.
This tag denotes a paragraph. The end tag is optional.
Aligns the paragraph. Options are CENTER (NS, MS, SM), LEFT (NS, SM), and RIGHT (NS, SM).
Used in conjunction with <APPLET>, this tag specifies an applet-specific attribute and is used like this:
<PARAM NAME = the_applet_attribute VALUE =the_value>.
This set of tags defines text as the name of a person.
These tags enclose the text to be rendered in a fixed-width type (MS & SM allow a closing element).
These tags indicate elements to be rendered with a monospaced font and preserve the layout defined by spaces and line break characters.
This specifies the maximum number of characters for a line (a width of 80 characters is the default).
This stands for Quote and defines a short quotation within a paragraph.
This renders the text in strike-through type.
These are used to display sample output from scripts, HTML code, programs, and so on.
This set of tags enables a script to be embedded into an HTML document.
This attribute specifies the scripting language and is used like this:
<SCRIPT LANGUAGE="JavaScript"></SCRIPT>
This is mandatory unless the SRC attribute is present.
This attribute specifies a URL that loads the text of a script, like this:
<SCRIPT SRC="http://www.yourdomain.com/the.JavaScript"></SCRIPT>
This set of tags indicates a listbox or drop-down list.
Specifies that multiple items can be selected.
Used to specify the size of the list control.
This set of tags specifies a small font.
This is used for playing inline sound. It enables the playing of WAV, AU, or AIFF files in pages.
Used to delay the play of an inline sound for a certain number of seconds; appears like this:
<SOUND SRC="sound.wav" DELAY=5>
The SPACER tag provides control over the vertical and horizontal white space appearing on the HTML page and appears like this:
<SPACER TYPE=HORIZONTAL SIZE=25>.
You can control the horizontal white space that appears between words in a line and the vertical white space that appears between lines on a page, and you can also set up arbitrary rectangular spacing elements (often placed in margins to make text flow
around them).
Sets the alignment of the spacer.
Defines the height of the spacer.
Specifies the size of a spacer.
Specifies the spacer type. Options are
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
BLOCK
This specifies strike-through text.
This specifies strong emphasis generally rendered in a bold font.
This specifies subscript text.
This specifies superscript text.
This set of tags contains all the other table elements (table elements will be ignored if they aren't wrapped inside of <TABLE> ... </TABLE>). Every table begins with an optional CAPTION, which is followed by one or more <TR> elements
defining the tables rows. Every row has one or more cells that are defined by <TH> or <TD> tags.
This specifies the alignment of the table, as in ALIGN=RIGHT. Other possibilities for this attribute include ALIGN=LEFT and ALIGN=CENTER
Specifies a background graphic. The graphic is tiled behind the text and graphics in the table.
Defines the background color (as a hexadecimal number or a recognized color name).
This causes a border to be placed around the table, specified by a numerical value (1,2,3. . .).
This defines the color of the border, as in: BORDERCOLOR=#ff0000. You can either use a hexadecimal color or use one of Microsoft's specified color names (for example, BORDERCOLOR=RED). This attribute must be used in conjunction with BORDER=; otherwise,
there is no border to color.
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, this must be used with the BORDER attribute. It is used like this:
<TABLE ALIGN=RIGHT BORDER=1 BORDERCOLORDARK=RED width=20%>
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, this must be used with the BORDER attribute.
Specifies the type of table border. Options for this attribute are
NONEMPTY The default, this produces a frame around the table and individual borders around non-empty cells.
ALL Draws boxes around the frame and all cells without regard to their contents.
FRAME Draws a frame around the table, but not around the individual cells.
NONE Draws no borders.
Indicates the amount of space inserted between individual cells in a table.
Specifies the amount of space between the border of the cell and the contents of the cell. It is used like this:
<TABLE BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=1>
This attribute affects the display of the table borders (It requires the BORDER attribute to be set). It accepts any of the following values:
ABOVE Displays external borders at the top of the table only.
BELOW Displays external borders at the bottom of the table only.
BOX Displays a box around the table.
HSIDES Displays external borders at the horizontal sides of the table (at the top and bottom).
LHS Displays external borders at the left hand edges of the table exclusively.
RHS Displays external borders at the right hand edges of the table only.
VOID Removes all the external borders.
VSIDES Displays external borders at both left and right edges of the table.
Describes the height of the table (in pixels, or as a percentage of the display window).
This attribute affects the display of the internal table borders (rule"). The body section of the table must be specified using the <TBODY> tag. The following values are accepted:
NONE Removes all the internal rules.
BASIC Displays horizontal borders between the <THEAD>, <TBODY>, and <TFOOT> sections.
ROWS Displays horizontal borders between all rows.
COLS Displays horizontal borders between all columns.
ALL Displays all the internal rules.
Specifies the vertical alignment of text within a column. Options are
="BASELINE"
"BOTTOM"
"MIDDLE"
"TOP"
This species how wide the table will be, either in pixels or as a percentage, as in
WIDTH=30%
This set of tags is used to specify the body section of the table. It is required if RULES wish to be set in the <TABLE>.
This set of tags defines a table data cell, as in
<TD>info a</TD>
Specifies whether the text inside the table cell(s) is aligned CENTER, to the LEFT side of the cell, or to the RIGHT side of the cell.
Describes the image that will be tiled behind the table data cell specified.
This is the background color of the data cell (in hexadecimal or one of the recognized color names).
Specifies the border color of the data cell (in hexadecimal or one of the recognized color names). The BORDER attribute must also be present in the main <TABLE> element for border coloring to work.
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, and must be used with the BORDER attribute.
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, and must be used with the BORDER attribute.
This can appear in any table cell (<TH> or <TD>) and specifies how many columns of the table this cell should span (the default being 1).
Used to describe the height of the table (as a pixel value, or as a percentage of the display window).
Specifies that the lines within this cell cannot be broken to fit the width of the cell.
Specifies how many rows of the table the cell should span (the default being 1).
Defines how the text inside the table cell(s) is aligned. Options are
TOP
MIDDLE
BOTTOM
BASELINE
Describes the desired width of the cell (as an absolute width in pixels, or as a percentage of table width).
This set of tags enables users to enter more than one line of text within a form.
Determines the width of the field in characters.
Used to give the TEXTAREA a name; looks like this:
<TEXTAREA NAME="address" ROWS=40 COLS=6>
Determines the height of the field in characters.
Specifies how to handle word-wrapping in the text input area and appears like this:
<TEXTAREA WRAP=OFF>
Options for this are
OFF Wrapping doesn't happen. Lines are sent exactly as typed (this is the default).
VIRTUAL The display word-wraps, but long lines are sent to the server as one line.
PHYSICAL The display word-wraps, and the text is transmitted at all wrap points.
This set of tags specifies the footer section of a table.
This set of tags identifies a table heading cell. Optional attributes are the same as for <TD>.
This set of tags describes the table heading section of a table.
This set of tags contains the document title. (Note: This is the title of your HTML page and appears within the browser, but not as text on your page.)
This stands for Table Row; the tags contain a row of table cells. All tables must include at least one <TR> element.
Specifies whether the text inside the table row(s) is aligned CENTER, to the LEFT side of the cell, or to the RIGHT side of the cell.
Describes the image that will be tiled behind the table row specified.
This is the background color of the table row (in hexadecimal or one of the recognized color names).
Specifies the border color of the table row (in hexadecimal or one of the recognized color names). The BORDER attribute must also be present in the main <TABLE> element for border coloring to work.
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORLIGHT, this must be used with the <TABLE> BORDER attribute.
Sets independent border color control over one of the two colors used to draw a 3-D border (as a hexadecimal number or as a recognized color name); opposite of BORDERCOLORDARK, this must be used with the <TABLE> BORDER attribute.
Specifies how the text inside the table row(s) is aligned. Options are
TOP
MIDDLE
BOTTOM
BASELINE
This set of tags specifies monospaced or teletype text.
This set of tags specifies underlined text.
Specifies an unordered bulleted list. An unordered bulleted list contains one or more <LI> elements, which represent individual list items. Here's an example:
<UL> <LI> First item in the list <LI> Last item in the list </UL>
Netscape adds a TYPE attribute to the <UL> tag, which can describe whether the bullet used is a CIRCLE, DISK or SQUARE, and is used like this:
<UL TYPE=circle>
This set of tags is used for variables or arguments to commands.
This tag stands for Word Break and is used when a <NOBR> section requires an exact break (can also be used any time to tell Netscape Navigator where a word is allowed to be broken). Important note: This tag does not force a line break (like
<BR> does); it simply lets the browser know where a line break is allowed if needed.
This set of tags is used to presents blocks of text in fixed-width font, and so is suitable for text that has been formatted on-screen (normally rendered as a fixed width font with white space separating it from other text).
Note
Only MS has the capability to translate special characters included within <XMP> elements (that is, if a character like © is used, it will be translated to ©).
And that's about all you can do with shrimp!
